Saturday, August 31, 2019

Native American Movement Essay

The Native American movement of the 1960s and 1970s was the result of Native Americans coming together to claim, regain, or reassert rights to lands and to fight for more control over water, economic affairs, and education on native lands. Although the movement was all across the U. S. the most well known event of AIM; or the American Indian Movement was the occupation of Alcatraz island from 1969 through 1971. The first major intertribal association was the national congress of American Indians, or NCAI whose concerns were protection of Indian land rights and improved educational opportunities for Native Americans. Founded in 1944 in response to termination and assimilation policies that the U. S. forced upon the tribal governments in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereigns. They joined the movement after being denied Indian land from the United States government. Many achievements were made; the first, in 1949 when they made charges against federal job bias towards the Indians. Again in 1950, 1952 and in 1954 when they won their fight against legislation that would have allowed the states to civil and criminal jurisdictions over Indians. They dealt with various topics like health care, employment, and safety issues on a nation wide scale. They were very successful in completing there goals and helping the cause. ( http://www. answers.com/topic/national-congress-of-american-indians) The American Indian Movement; or AIM was an American Indian rights group who occupied a number of sites. Founded in 1968, there goals were fostering a sense of unity and solidarity among American Indian and first nation groups in the U. S. and Canada. They joined the movement because in the 1960s, American Indians were the poorest minority group. They achieved many famous site takeovers from the 1970 occupation of a replica of the mayflower to the occupation of Mount Rushmore in 1971. There most famous occupation however was the one of Alcatraz island from 1969 to 1971, it started with just a few, then quickly grew to hundreds. ( http://www. conservapedia. com/American_Indian_Movement_Grand_Governing_Council) The group offered to buy the island from the federal government for $24 in glass beads and red cloth but there offer was denied and after 2 years and a lot hard times, the U. S. government finally removed the group from the island. ( http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=387).

Case Memo of The Wm.Wrigley.Jr.Company

In the case Blanka Dobynin was are trying to buy a large stake in the company and thereby force the management to reorganize the capital structure by raising the debt and using it to pay the dividends or buy back the shares. The strategy will benefit from the price appreciation from stock repurchase or dividend payment. Wrigley is a leading producer and distributor of chewing gums, and it has a advantageous position compared to the other industry players with very high brand equity and strong presence globally.It has little business risk as the market is diversified and anti-cyclical, which was reflected in its equity beta of 0. 75 as of 2002. Wrigley has zero debt as of 2002 and therefore no financial risk. Issuing 3 billion debt will alter the capital structure and increase it WACC. The WACC before debt is 10. 11% calculated from CAPM, given the unlevered beta equals 0. 75, risk free rate equals 10 year Treasury yield which is 4. 86%, and risk premium of 7%.After taking on the debt , the D/E ratio calculate from debt over total equity gives almost 70%, and the levered beta becomes 1. 07. Using the 13% cost of equity given in the case, the WACC after recapitalization will be roughly 9. 15%. Given 232. 441 million shares it means market capitalization of almost 13. 26 billion US dollars. The tax shield is roughly 1,200 million, which will immediately be reflected into the new share price under perfect capital market assumptions. The new share price will equals to 56. 37+5. 16 = USD 62. 23 per share.Adding the leverage of USD 3,000 million under BB rating assumption will significantly reduce the net income of the company therefore reduce the EPS. This effect will partially be offset in case of share repurchases, since decrease of the number of shares outstanding associated with share repurchase will push EPS up. In conclusion, recapitalization through 3 billion of debt and same share repurchase will be preferable for WM. Wrigley Jr. Company shareholders, since it will in total increase their wealth by 1. 2 billion which is a fair premium for the risks associated with leveraging the company.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Gmmm

Case 1. Southwestern university Southwestern university (SWU), a large state college in Stephenville, Texas, 30 miles southwest of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex, enrolls close to 20,000 students. In a typical town-gown relationship, the school is a dominant force in the small city, with more students during fall and spring than permanent residents. A longtime football powerhouse, SWU is a member of the Big Eleven conference and is usually in the top 20 in college football rankings.To bolster its chances of reaching the elusive and long-desired number-one ranking, in 2003, SWU hired the legendary Bo Pitterno as its head coach. One of Pitterno’s demands on joining SWU had been a new stadium. With attendance increasing, SWU administrators began to face the issue head-on. After 6 months of study, much political arm wrestling, and some serious financial analysis, Dr. Joel Wisner, president of Southwestern University, had reached a decision to expand the capacity at its on-campus stadium. Adding thousands of seats, including dozens of luxury skyboxes, would not please everyone.The influential Pitterno had argued the need for a first-class stadium, one with built-in dormitory rooms for his players and palatial office appropriate for the coach of a future NCAA champion team. But the decision was made, and everyone, including the coach, would learn to live with it. The job now was to get construction going immediately after the 2009 season ended. This would allow exactly 270 days until the 2010 season opening game. The contractor, Hill Construction, signed his contract. Bob Hill looked at the tasks his engineers had outlined and looked President Wisner in the eye. I guarantee the team will be able to take the field on schedule next year,† he said with a sense of confidence. â€Å"I sure hope so,† replied Wisner. â€Å"The contract penalty of $10,000 per day for running late is nothing compared to what Coach Pitterno will do to you if our opening g ame with Penn State is delayed or canceled. † Hill, sweating slightly, did not need to respond. In foot-ball-crazy Texas, Hill Construction would be mud if the 270- days target was missed. Back in his office, Hill again reviewed the data and noted that optimistic time estimates can be used as crash times.He then gathered his foremen. â€Å"Folks, if we’re not 75% sure we’ll finish this stadium in less than 270 days, I want this project crashed! Give me the cost figures for a target date of 250 days- also for 240 days. I want to be early, not just on time. 1. Develop a network drawing for Hill Construction and determine the critical path. How long is the project expected to take? 2. What is the probability of finishing in 270 days? 3. If it is necessary to crash to 250 or 240 days, how would Hill do so, and at what costs? As noted in the case, assume that optimistic time estimates can be used as crash times. aa

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Tracing Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tracing Rules - Essay Example It need not be a proprietary right. Often the tracing exercise begins with a bank account, which is a personal right against a bank.1 And sometimes, the repository of value with which the plaintiff begins is not a right at all, but is rather in the form of services. Services can enhance the value of assets, and in this way the value inherent in the services can be traced into the enhanced asset. It is sometimes said that a prerequisite to tracing in a court of equity is the establishment of a fiduciary relationship.2 If this were true, the consequences would be startling. A trustee sells trust land, and deposits the proceeds into a bank account into which he has earlier deposited some money of his own. A court of equity will allow the beneficiary to trace from the land, previously owned by the claimant in equity, into the balance in the bank account. It will also allow claimant to assert equitable proprietary rights in the bank account; that is a separate issue. On the other hand, a thief steals some money from claimant and pays it into a bank account into which thief has earlier deposited some money of his own. The tracing exercise would appear to be even simpler. But the thief does not owe fiduciary obligations to claimant. If it is true that a fiduciary relation is a prerequisite to tracing in a court of equity, then a court of equity is unable to trace into the bank account in the second situation. This seems absurd. What could possibly be the reason for such a requirement The standard explanation is that it is necessary to found the jurisdiction of equity: Agip ( Africa) Ltd v. Jackson. When a plaintiff wishes to conduct the exercise of tracing, he wishes to establish that the value inherent in his asset has been used to acquire another asset. That alone neither gives nor denies hearing jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery or its successor, a court exercising equitable jurisdiction. If the plaintiff is seeking specific performance or rectification, then t he Court of Chancery would have hearing jurisdiction, and it would allow him to try to prove the making of the contract. If he was merely seeking damages for breach of contract, then the Court of Chancery had no order jurisdiction to grant that remedy and so it would decline hearing jurisdiction.3 The exercise of proving the existence of the contract is neither peculiarly equitable nor peculiarly legal.4 The fact that a plaintiff wishes to trace is not determinative of whether the court has hearing jurisdiction. It is an exercise which is neither peculiarly equitable nor peculiarly legal. Moreover, it is neither peculiarly proprietary nor peculiarly personal; tracing is not a right but an exercise. But equitable rights, properly so called, are different in many ways from common law rights, and so the relief sought by the plaintiff is peculiarly equitable or peculiarly legal. Whether or not there is equitable jurisdiction to hear a claim is determined by the relief which is sought. I f the plaintiff asserts that she holds equitable proprietary rights in some new asset, then that is a claim which only a court of equity can evaluate; and that is the source of the court's hearing jurisdiction. But it makes no sense that a plaintiff should have to establish a fiduciary relationship merely to conduct the exercise of showing that her asset was used to acquire some other asset. When the Court of Appeal expressed its view that a fiduciary

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Responses to classmember Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responses to classmember - Assignment Example It is also surprising as to how indifferent most people are on how to conduct an Internet search. Without the tips laid down in this Chapter on how to find online information, most of us would still be conducting Internet searches incorrectly. Therefore, these tips help in efficiently conducting Internet searches and finding valuable information that would be important in writing a research paper. Indeed this Chapter explains how an effective research needs to be supported by reliable information; Bovee and Thill have laid out a process on how to get better results when searching for information. This informative Chapter describes the most effective way to conduct a research as well as explains how to evaluate the credibility of any source of information. An analytical report is important for analyzing, understanding or explaining a problem or opportunity and drawing conclusions from the research. Therefore planning for an analytical report is crucial since it minimizes the chances of wasting time and improves the results of the research. Analytical reports can be used to assess the risks, opportunities and the decisions and actions that are required to be undertaken. By so doing through analytical reports, one can be able to analyze a risk or opportunity and come up with the decisions that will be of benefit to the organization. A research has to contain information that is collected first hand even though regrettably most research papers nowadays only contain secondary information. I concur with you that one of the best ways to collect primary information is through interviewing the appropriate parties. Interviews offer the researcher the opportunity to interact with the interested party and acquire information that is directly related to the research being conducted. This is particularly important since most secondary information that can be obtained does not relate to the topic of research and is therefore not of benefit.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Brand Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brand Management - Essay Example (Ehrenberg & Scriven, 1997) Brand users comment that the brand â€Å"tastes nice† than the non-users would say. But a popular brand has more users than a not-so popular brand. Therefore more people say that it â€Å"tastes nice† for popular brands than the not-so popular brands. The belief of â€Å"brands are brands† is supported by many ads, for example, ads create ‘attention, impact, memory traces for the brand’ but not because they are persuasive. Advertisements are used to remind people of the brand, or that such brands are still in existence or leading in the market, but ads are not used to persuade consumers to buy. Brand advertising is a creative way of informing the public but it is made not to persuade customers to buy or differentiate it from other brands. There have been only a few advertisers who do it as a way of persuasive inducements to buy the brand. When Coca-Cola advertises, it demonstrates how refreshing the soft drinks but not made to persuade to buy because it has always been a popular product bought for its refreshing taste. That is the way of publicising or informing its loyal customers. But the customers are knowledgeable people; they already know the taste of Coca-Cola and don’t need to be persuaded to buy because they already are loyal customers. An example of advertising as publicity is when a firm announces new innovations – a price cut or a new brand. But most of the time, advertisements are about issues which the ad elaborates and that the public already knows. Known brands such as Coca-Cola or Nike advertise some information to millions, even billions, of consumers around the world and yet the consumers already know what the advertisements mean. This form of advertisement is known as standard advertisement; meaning it is the same advertisement in any country. The belief that advertising is a form of persuasion is very common in the United States advertising

Monday, August 26, 2019

Those Changes that the Underwent through Southern American Literature Research Paper

Those Changes that the Underwent through Southern American Literature - Research Paper Example These river valleys was were civilisation was at peak in this region as it was the location of most of the towns, however, between these valleys and in the least accessible mountainous regions little human activity took place. However, westward expansion through the southern Appalachian turned towards the Ohio valley and North West territory changed this course and people started settling in the mountainous regions. Relationships between families and communities in this region were hostile and although they sometimes united to maintain churches and schools, the memberships of these institutions kept on changing. Slavery in this region was the norm where slaves were got from Africa to work for their American masters in their land or in their homes. In the novel ‘Gone with the wind’, Margaret Mitchell has depicted slavery in the southern America region by dividing the characters in two groups along class lines: the white planter class such as Scarlett and Ashley, and the b lack servant class such as Mammy, Prissy, pork and uncle Peter who acted as house servants. Mitchell goes further to show the subdivisions that were there in different classes such as among the slaves, there were those who worked in the house and stayed with their master; these were considered to belong to the highest caste. In addition, there were those who worked in the farms and did manual work; these were considered to be lower in the caste system of the slaves (Mitchell 24) Southern Belle, which is the traditional reference for a young woman in southern America who belonged to the rich upper class, has been brought up in the character of Scarlett O’Hara. Scarlett O’Hara is depicted as an attractive person although not good-looking, which is a perfect description of a southern belle. However, for Scarlett, the perfect description of a southern belle is her mother Ellen whose back is never seen to rest against the back of any seat on which she sit and whose broken h eart is usually mistaken for an innocent composure. The charming nature of a southern belle can be seen in the way that Scarlett is able to manoeuvre the wars and financial misfortunes that happen to her and gain wealth of her own. In addition, despite several of her husbands dying, she was determined to get married and raise a family of her own, a typical characteristic of a southern belle. The battles and confrontations that the southern part of America participated in shaped the history of the area; these battles saw the young men recruited to the army despite the conflicting interests where young girls wished them to remain behind for marriage purposes. Some of the battles that the southern communities were involved in include the seven days battle at Richmond Virginia that lasted between 25th June and 1st July in 1962 and the confederate army won; the battle of Fredericksburg at Fredericksburg, Virginia from December 11th to 15th, the confederate army won. Other battles were th e Streight’s Raid in northern Alabama from April 19 – May 3, 1863 where union colonel was captured by confederate army general, Battle of Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County in Virginia from April 30 to May 6 where the confederate a

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Critical analysis of inadequate childcare Term Paper

Critical analysis of inadequate childcare - Term Paper Example Even now, the country seeks to increase the population growth rate, and has resorted to attracting immigrants and permanent residents. It is therefore to Canada’s interest for the nation’s birth rate to rise, in order to spur a natural increment in the population. It is for this reason that the state gives careful attention to the childcare benefits that are supposed to encourage established and healthy adults to have and raise children. The media report The media report relates the plight of several mothers who find the Toronto childcare subsidy program sorely deficient for the purpose of enabling them to work or study. Jennifer (student), Elise (work-at-home) and Sarah (career woman) found childcare either inaccessible or unaffordable, and believe that the 237,000 licensed child care spaces in Ontario inadequate to accommodate the roughly 1.2 million children under 12 in need of child care. The situation has created a gender disadvantage against women, since most sing le parents with young children in need of child care are women. ... Analysis in light of gender studies The dilemma faced by those mothers featured in the media report is supported by academic inquiry. Studies on childcare and parental benefits have been found to be gender discriminatory. For instance, the delivery of maternity and parental leave benefits through unemployment insurance tends to reinforce the gendered nature of the benefit, since maternity is not a form of unemployment and is not accorded its own recognition as such; likewise in the case of parental leave benefit being made contingent on labor force attachment of a specific kind which may discriminate against some women without the requisite affiliation (Calder 99). Tax and benefits laws contribute to the problems of unequal treatment between two-parent families and one-parent (usually headed by the mother) families, with the latter being discriminated against (Battle, et al. 2). Lost in the discussion on gender equality in social benefits is the realization that the effect on many mo thers of not finding full-time gainful employment confines her and her young offspring to a life of poverty. There is an inherent disconnect in the ideals associated with motherhood – of being at home for young children to provide proper nutrition, instruction, and emotional support – and the imperative of finding a job to sustain the family (Zeytinoglu, et al. 178). In the sixties, the Canadian federal government provided half of the welfare costs per province, and mandated that beneficiaries need not work for them to claim their benefits. This made benefits an absolute right. At present, this approach had been modified; the federal government had halved their subsidy, and allowed provinces to adopt work-for-welfare programs. For most of

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Small Business Management Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Small Business Management - Scholarship Essay Example † Before embarking on the study’s specifics, it is essential to have a look at the overall advantage of owning and starting a business in New Zealand. Recent surveys have been carried out globally and these have come up with various findings and conclusions. As per the World Bank’s survey of 2006 where around 150 economies were focused on, New Zealand took the number one spot in terms of ease of carrying out business. The World Economic Forum put New Zealand in the 16th ranking out of 100 economies in terms of competitiveness and besides that, public institutions of New Zealand ranked top in judicial independence, tax collection, corruption absence, organised crime and property rights. Ethically, New Zealand’s situation put it among the most ethical areas of doing business in the world and this considered the corruption undertakings. Transparency International rated it second together with Finland after Iceland. This is as per 2005’s study of 159 cou ntries using CPI- Corruption Perceptions Index. New Zealand was also considered stable, open as well as competitive economically, has a business oriented governance, and cost competitive structures with low policy in inflation, flexible labour market and low rates of corporate tax. (wellington.govt.nz, 2011) According to Oliver and English, in their book, a small business refers to a business that is personally owned or managed. It may also be taken to be that entity which is void of managerial staffs that are specialists or does not form part of a bigger entity. Also, the definition says that such a business should be employing a maximum of 50 workers in manufacturing, a maximum of 10 employees in services and not exceeding 25 workers in the remaining sectors. If this definition is something to go by, then the sector of small businesses in New Zealand consisted of approximately 297,000 firms as at 2007. Of the 297,000, about 280,000 businesses are often known as ‘microâ€℠¢ enterprises since their employees are less than 5 persons. The ‘micro’ enterprises are usually common in retail trade, construction, property, finance as well as business services industrial sectors. Setting up a small business in New Zealand is not without merits. Among the merits of starting such a business are; one can become his or her own boss, exercise own talents, be in state of independence; remove dependence upon a fixed salary or wage; one has a chance to make his/her own money; one is at a vantage point in realising accomplishment, recognition and personal worth; one can come up and implement own products, services and ideas; and one is given a chance at enjoying work than he/she finds satisfying and successful. Having a sole proprietorship can make a person attain a level of family economic security as well as self and lastly, one may be in a position to provide valuable things to the community. Disadvantages of setting up a small business are that one may fail in business and lose all the borrowed and own capital. One may also be forced to work hard, sometimes up to 15 hours in any given day which results to lesser time spent with friends and family. Income may vary and behave in a volatile manner due to factors beyond oneself control. Also there is the very huge pressure arising especially while making decisions and solving problems of the business and these may call for

Friday, August 23, 2019

Entrepreneurial Business Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurial Business Principles - Essay Example In 2007 an innovative product that caught the attention of the market was the iPhone. It is imperative for companies to invest in research and development to spur innovation within the firm. A third business principle that is essential for the success of entrepreneurs is teamwork. Teamwork has become a critical success factor in the 21st century. When teamwork breaks down within a firm the members of the group find it difficult to accomplish theirs tasks and goals (Cross, 2013). Teamwork within an organization can be enhanced by providing the employees of a company with training to develop important skills such as leadership, communication, and collaboration. A fourth business principle that is important for the success of entrepreneurs is active listening skills. Businesspeople must understand that the opinions of others are of importance since products should be developed based on the desires of the target customers. Listening to others also improves the communication process within a

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Outsourcing in Strategic Management Accounting Essay

Outsourcing in Strategic Management Accounting - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the concept of migrating internal business processes or functions to an outside organization may seem quite appealing on the surface. Reducing internal resource constraints and corporate expenditures and increasing quality may make service providers a potent draw. Today more types of services are available than ever before. Among other things, we can choose to outsource our network infrastructure, e-mail services, Web applications, and collaboration activities. Over the last decade, the attitude of businesses toward outsourcing has undergone a change of opinion reflecting the need to compete globally and focus on core competencies. Most processes have traditionally been kept in-house where it was thought they could be controlled most effectively. For many companies, an outsourcing decision represents the longest and largest financial commitment the company will make. The selection of an outsourcing partner will directly affect the comp any's growth and future performance. In short, the outsourcing decision is critical to the company's future success. However, without careful planning and preparation, our outsourcing project can easily result in lost revenue, added expenses, and, potentially, litigation. In order to reach efficiency that believed can obviate company from bankruptcy, a lot of method and concept are have been developed. One of them is by doing outsourcing. However, besides promising many strategic benefits, it also brings consequence of the appearance of strategic risk. The growth of outsourcing over the last century has been driven by the ever-expanding quest to improve productivity, reduce costs, and deliver greater value to customers and shareholders. Outsourcing decision is taken by all managed to improve their company performance that is related to process business, which is not representing core competence or core business. Expected by â€Å"delivering† the management process to other co mpany (as a business partner), which is owning core business in the area, process with the optimal performance will be created.

Traditional pastoral counseling Essay Example for Free

Traditional pastoral counseling Essay A final area of church support in the secular arena is that of traditional pastoral counseling. This counseling area, usually conducted in private and based in personal trust relationships between the church’s pastor and the congregants, includes ministry for life events. Bereavement counseling, marriage counseling (both pre-marriage counseling and counseling for relationship difficulties), career counseling and one-on-one discussion about difficulties such as substance abuse and physical or mental health are all appropriate and common areas of support for the church pastor. Moore discusses the appropriateness of pastoral counseling in the area of bereavement support. Her justification of the pastor in bereavement support is simple. The clergy holds a distinct advantage over professional health counselors because parishioners are more likely to contact their pastor when faced with bereavement and grieving. Spiritual counseling is part of the clergy’s responsibility to the congregation, for which, there is neither cost nor stigma attached. Moreover the relationship is based on trust. Typically, parishioners do not seek the services of other professionals concerning issues of death, illness and emotional adjustment, if they believe the spiritual counseling they have received has helped them (Moore, 48). In other words, the area of bereavement counseling is an area where the most natural and comfortable place for provision is within the church, with the pastor. African Americans have a unique view of death and dying which makes treatment of these issues within the church, the most central of Black institutions, appropriate. Moore summarizes African-American beliefs and responses to death and bereavement: African-Americans are more accepting and less fearful of death than other American ethnic groups; the view of death is often reflected in African-American visual and musical arts as well as poetry; and the continued exposure of African-Americans to higher death rates, both from natural causes and from violence, significantly strengthens the belief in the afterlife (Moore, 50). The Black church has particular rituals and forms of worship which deal with death and dying, which make the church the best place to deal with grief and bereavement counseling within the community, rather than the formal mental health care system which may be preferred by those who do not belong with a church (Moore, 56). LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSION A review of the extant literature on the impact of the Black church on its congregant’s secular lives reveals a range of formal programs, informal processes, traditions and practices, which spring from within the community and come from outside, which are limited to the congregants or offered community-wide, which touch all aspects of the Black church member’s life. Historically, the Black church has been pressed into service as a care provider for a marginalized and underserved population; if the church did not provide medical care, mental health support, economic self-support and learning and literacy programs, no one would. Today, Black churches continue to offer these services, either on their own or through collaboration with public and private foundations, research groups and other helpers. These programs are often more successful than those offered outside the church, because of the perception by church goers that the providers understand their needs and feel an affinity for their history and a sensitivity for their cultural norms. The Black church also serves as an extended family to its members, strengthening the Black community as a whole and offering a shield against the onslaught of historical disadvantages, racism and the problems caused by low socioeconomic status. It serves as an assistant to parents, offering youth programs that range from helping teen parents to helping children get into and attend college. The literature shows that the Black church is, overall, very responsive to the secular needs of its members as well as the spiritual.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Aluminium Wings Verses Composite And Future Wing Materials Engineering Essay

Aluminium Wings Verses Composite And Future Wing Materials Engineering Essay The comparison of the properties of the materials used in aluminium and composite wings and the advantages and disadvantages of which they both possess and make them suitable for use within the manufacture of wings. A discussion of future materials which have been developed and are suitable for the use in wings will also take place. Collected information came from appropriate websites and books. Aluminium is the widest used material for the manufacture of aircraft wings to date since the first time it was used in the 1920s. Now the use of composites is becoming greater utilized in the manufacturing of aircraft wings at present instead of traditional aluminium wings. This is mainly to do with the weight saving properties that composites can posse. Weight saving properties is just one of the advantages of composite materials, another can be stiffness, but there are also disadvantages to using composites compared to aluminium, such as if they get damaged they need replacing immediately unlike aluminium which is very tolerant to damage. Aluminium production and repair is also much easier than that of composites. Aluminium and composites both have their own advantages and disadvantages and their properties have to be taken into account before any material changes are made. Future developments will hopefully provide a material that which will provide sufficient advantages and mini mal disadvantages compared over composites or aluminium. This report will look at the Boeing 737, which features aluminium wings, and the Boeing 787 dreamliner, which incorporates composite wings, and refer to them for the comparison of the different properties and structures of the two wing types. It will look at each type of material found in a traditional aluminium aircraft wing structure at present and will go into depth about the use of composites in wings instead of aluminium at present and in the future. The types of composites used, as well as investigating whether the structure of the wing had to be altered to compensate for the different properties of the composites will be discussed. The strength and weight properties of each different type of aluminium and composites used in an aircraft wing will also be examined. Types of corrosion which occur on an aluminium wing, including the inspection and repair of it will also be included, as well as the inspection and repair of composite materials and the types of damage which can occur in composites, such as delamination. The cost of production and repair of composites compared to aluminium and aluminium alloys, as well as the weight saved resulting in lower running costs for the company will be examined. The collected information will then be compared and advantages and disadvantages of each type of wing will be produced. It will also look at future aircraft wing materials, such as the use of incorporating aluminium with composites, and if they will change the way aircraft looks at present. The different properties of the new materials will also be examined and compare to the properties of both aluminium and composite wings. An overall conclusion of all the main findings and collected information will also be given. Recommendations will also be given at this point. Methodology After deciding what the topic of the report was going to be about, the research undertaken would need to be relevant. The first part of the study was to find information about Aluminium wings and the materials and structures which made them. This part incorporated finding and recording relevant information from certain websites off the internet. Another source used was finding appropriate books which gave suitable information about the subject in hand. Finding information on composite materials and structures was carried out by the same method. Locating appropriate information about future aircraft wing materials was carried out only with the use of the internet. Findings Aluminium wings Types Aluminium (Al) has been used in aircraft since the 1920s due to it being lightweight while also being relatively strong. It is used over steel as aluminium is three times the density less then that off steel, this means that for the same density the aluminium would be three times thicker, resulting in it being much stronger. Aluminium is also has good corrosion resistance, which is an advantage as an aircraft is subject to all weather conditions. Nowadays aluminium is joined with other elements to change the properties of the metal, improving specific areas of it, creating an aluminium alloy. At the present time, Aluminium alloys make up a vast total of a commercial aircrafts unloaded weight. Alloys Adding different elements to aluminium improve different properties, for example adding zinc to aluminium will improve the strength of the material. The added zinc allows the aluminium to be heat treated, where the metal is heated and cooled which in turn changes the structure of the metal along with its properties. More than one element can be added at the same time resulting in different properties being produced from having the same main alloying element. Even tho some of the properties of the aluminium will improve, the alloying elements need to be correctly chosen as other properties within the metal will be sacrificed. Certain aluminium alloys are used in the manufacturing of aircraft wings, the types of aluminium alloys, along with where it is used, the elements which are used to create the alloy and the improved properties are listed in the table below. Al Alloy Area Used Elements (%) Properties 7178 Spars, Beams, upper wing skin Zinc, magnesium, copper High compressive strength to weight ratio 7055 Lower wing skin Zinc, magnesium, copper Improved stress corrosion and fatigue resistance 7075 Wing ribs zinc Improved stress corrosion cracking resistance, high mechanical properties 2024 Slats, flaps copper Good fatigue performance, fracture toughness, slow propagation rate The Boeing 777 also uses the aluminium alloy 7055 due to it having a greater compressive strength than other alloys that had been tried before. Due to this, it was able to be used in the manufacture of parts of the wing, in the stringers and the upper wing skin. Corrosion Even though Aluminium has good corrosion resistance, it is still susceptible to corrosion. Aluminium is somewhat protected from corrosion as an aluminium oxide film forms on the surface. This is due to the aluminium being protected from additional oxidation by the existing aluminium oxide film. Minimal corrosion, such as light surface or small pitting corrosion, does not normally cause a problem to the metal. Heavier corrosion occurring in metals used on aircraft is not wanted as it can lead to a weakening in the structural rigidity of the metal. If this is not rectified it can lead to a structural failure within part of the aircraft. Corrosion can occur in many different forms, which include pitting, intergranular, and galvanic corrosion. Pitting This is one of the main types of corrosion which occurs on an aircrafts wing. This type of corrosion is a localised type and starts on the surface of a metal, whether it is on the skin panels of the aircraft or within the aircraft itself. It works its way through the surface protection of the metal, and then penetrates its way further into the metal creating a hole within the metal itself. Due to metals have different mechanical and chemical properties, when pitting corrosion occurs, the pits created will be different from one metal to another, as shown in on the right. This hole decreases the strength of the metal due to the grain damage caused by the pitting corrosion.pitting_shape.gif Detection One way of detecting certain corrosion is by using x-rays or gamma rays to take a picture of the piece of metal suspected of having corrosion. Once the picture is developed, it is clear to see where the corrosion, such as pitting, is taking place in the metal, as it produced a darker spot on the film. This is due to less of the radiation being absorbed where the corrosion is taking place. If pitting corrosion is taking place, the image can be used also to establish the depth of the pit within the metal. Another way of determining whether pitting corrosion has occurred on a piece of metal is by the use of Eddy currents. This type of non-destructive testing uses magnetic fields, where the metal object being tested is placed. The magnetic field is produced by putting an alternating current through a coil. An alternation in the back EMF (Electromotive force) occurs when the eddy current gets disturbed by a pit in the metal. This alternation is amplified so it can be seen as an image or heard as a sound by the operator. Prevention There are lots of ways to try and prevent corrosion from occurring. One method is to uses surface treatments which protect the surface of the metal, therefore reducing the chance of corrosion and painting the metal surface can also prevent corrosion as no air or moisture can tough the metal. The use of cathodic protection can also prevent corrosion. Composites The use of composites within aircrafts is a relatively new concept. They were first introduced in the 1980s in secondary aircraft components, such as wing leading and trailing edges, and then as more composites were produced they made their way into larger structures in the 1990s. The Boeing 787 dreamliner tries to make the fullest use out of composite materials that is possible. Around 50% of the full aircraft, including several parts of the wings are manufactured using composites. The rest is manufactured using other materials, such as aluminium, which incorporate properties which at the present cannot be bettered by composites. At the moment composites are used mainly on non structural parts of the wings, and are used on parts such as the wings skins and the flaps. The great attraction for airline industries to use composites within the manufacture of their aircraft is because composites can be strong, and at the same time be lightweight. This means that heavier metals can be replaced with lighter weight composites which have the same strength. This causes the overall weight of the aircraft to decrease, resulting in a more fuel efficient aircraft as less fuel is needed to be burned to move the aircraft. This is an advantage to an airline company as it would result in lower running costs for that aircraft. Costs in manufacturing were also managed to be reduced as during assembly, a smaller quantity of fasteners were needed and there were also a smaller amount of parts required to construct the component. Composites do have disadvantages compared to metals for use within aircraft. One of these is that damage to composites can be difficult to see. Another is due to the fact that composites do not conduct electricity which may cause a problem if the aircraft is struck by lightning. These have also been concerns regarding the safety of the use of composites if there was a crash. Make up Composites are made up by joining together two or more materials which creates a material with improved properties compared to that of both original materials. Composites are made up of a matrix, which is a resin which joins together with a reinforcing material, which is a fibre. There are different types of reinforcing fibre and matrix which individually have different properties and need to be carefully chosen to make sure that they will be suitable for their purpose within the aircraft if chosen. The most commonly used reinforcing fibre used in aircraft is Kevlar. This is due to it having the greatest impact resistance and tensile strength compared to all other reinforcing materials while still being reasonably light. Types Carbon fibre reinforced plastic is the composite used within the manufacture of the Boeing 787 aircraft wing. This composite is used as it has lightweight qualities while also being very strong, and can have the equivalent strength to steel. It is manufactured using carbon fibre as the reinforcing fibre and the matrix is usually epoxy. Damage One of the main disadvantages with the use of composites is the difficulty to tell if damage has occurred within it, this can be known as barely visible damage. This is due to the way in which the composite structure is manufactured and that the majority of the damage will occur behind the surface. The surface of the composite may only seem to have a small bit of damage, such as a bit of scratched paintwork, while behind it the inside of the structure has been badly damaged. Delamination can happen due to moisture being able to go through the surface of the composite. If this moisture freezes, which can occur at high altitudes, it will start to force the layers of the composites apart. This could continue to occur if undetected causing serious damage to the composite structure. Fibre damage, where the fibres within the reinforcing material break, and matrix damage, where the matrix splits, may also occur if there is damage to the composite. Inspection There are several ways of testing for damage to composites. The simplest one of these is tap testing. This is where the surface of the composite is tapped using either a light hammer or a coin. An area of which is undamaged will make a ringing sound where as a duller note will be heard if the area is damaged. A more accurate version of this method can be had with the use of an electronic tap tester. Other methods of detecting damage are with the use of ultrasonic or x-ray machines. All these forms of testing are known as non destructive testing. This is due to no damage is needed to be made to the component getting tested by any of these methods. Repair Unlike Aluminium which can withstand damage and still be useable, composites when damaged have to be either repaired or replaced immediately. Repairing a composite panel is considerably more difficult than repairing an aluminium panel. This means that the repair will take a longer time in comparison, and will mean that the aircraft will be out of service longer. The cost of the materials to replace the damaged part is also more expensive, and may not be available at the airport where the damage is detected. Special training for working with composites may also be needed, resulting in even greater costs for the airline operator. Lightning Strikes The use of metal wing skins meant that if there was a lightning strike on the aircraft, it would be dispersed over the whole body of the aircraft and would dissipate at the end of the wings, through static dischargers, due to its conductive nature. The problem with the use of some composites as a wing skin is that they are considerable less conductive compared to a metal wing skin. Therefore, this could lead to damage occurring to the composite panel as the intensity of the lightning strike would be concentrated on the spot it hit as there would be no way for the energy to disperse due to the non conductive nature of the composite. The main danger of this is that the energy of the lightning bolt may be able to penetrate through the surface of the skin enough to produce a spark inside the wings where the fuel tanks are. This spark could cause the fuel vapour within the tanks to ignite, causing an explosion within the wing. Boeing have created several ways to prevent this scenario from occurring within their 787 dreamliner. The main method is having a thin metal mesh on the outside of the composite. This causes the composite skin panel to act in the same way as the metal one, and disperse the energy of the lightning strike over the whole surface of the aircraft. They also make sure that each fastener holding the composite skin panel to the wing structure is tightly fitting, preventing sparking from occurring between the spaces. Edge sealant will also be used to make sure there are no gaps present, and can be of either a glass fibre or goop. The use of a nitrogen generating system will be used to add nitrogen into the fuel tank, which will mix with the fuel vapours creating a safer non-flammable mixture should a spark occur. Future Materials New materials are continually being created by the aviation industry to try and lighten their aircrafts, and thus making them more appealing to airline operators. There has been increased competition to try and make composite materials which can be used throughout an aircraft. Other manufacturers are looking for slightly different ways to improve on materials that are available at present, with the use of shape memory alloys. Composite Spar Al/Composite The continued development of composites has lead to the creation of a material which incorporates both aluminium and composite. This material would be ideal for the use in aircraft wings due to several properties in which it possesses. The main one being that it is virtually fully resistant to metal fatigue. Metal fatigue comes about due to the cyclic loading of material. This will lead to a failure of the metal after a crack starts within the component then increases in size. This is relevant in aircraft wings as they experience cyclic loading as the lift generated by them changes during flight, such as take off and during patches of turbulence. Compared to the manufacturing costs of composites, the manufacturing costs of this material are significantly lower. As well as this, repairs to damaged sections are more straightforward compared to composites, which reduce the cost. The strength properties in which this material holds are greater than the composites which are used in aircraft wings at the present time. The most noticeable being the Boeing 787 which incorporates carbon fibre reinforced plastic. Due to this increased strength, the thickness of the material needed can be reduced and this can lead to a weight saving of around twenty percent, which is equivalent of between 600 to 800kg. This reduction in weight will cause a reduction in fuel use, along with the reduction in maintenance cost will reduced the overall running costs imposed on the airline operator. Morphing wing Shape memory alloys have existed for a reasonable long time, but it is only recently in which it has found a purpose within the airline industry. The use of shape memory alloys within the manufacture of aircraft wings is being looked at to improve the efficiency of the wing. This would happen as the flight crew would be able to change the shape of parts of the wing during different flight operations. There has been research into the development of a fully morphing wing and also that of a morphing winglet. Both of these ideas would lead to several advantages, but there are also disadvantages of the use of shape memory alloys. The main advantage of this material is that it can remember its shape after being deformed. When the material has been deformed, if the material is then heated to a certain temperature it will return to original shape. These materials also incorporate the property of Pseudo elasticity, which is super elasticity. This is when if the alloy is subjected to load it will stretch and change form. The load imposed on the material will then be absorbed, and it will return to its original form and shape. Shape memory alloys, such as Nickel Titanium, can be polished to give very smooth finishes resulting in a reduction in drag as the air flows over it. There are disadvantages which hold up the development of shape memory alloys, which include the difficulty and the cost of manufacture. The main problem with the use of this material in aircraft wings is that it does not have very good fatigue properties, which one needs. A shape memory alloy is manufactured to the shape in which it will take when heat is applied to it. As the reactivity of titanium is high, the use of a vacuum during manufacture is common. Hot working is one of the methods used to create these types of alloy and is where the material is heated up to temperatures of 900oc and then shaped. Cold working is another method that can also be used, but comes with the disadvantage that the material need constant heat treatment due to work hardening occurring. The use of this material in winglets would allow the winglets to change shape depending on the flight conditions such as the relative airspeed of the aircraft. This would allow them to have the most efficient angle between them and the wing. A reduction in wing vortices would then be able to occur over each flight operation. The drag experience on the aircraft at each point would be minimised, in turn reducing the fuel consumption of the aircraft as less thrust is required to move the aircraft would decrease. The idea of the winglets flattening out during takeoff and landing is also being examined as the wing would produce more lift at the slower speeds. This means there would be a reduction of noise generated from the engines as less thrust would be required. Constructing a wing out of smart alloy materials has been look at as it could lead to several advantageous properties, such as weight saving and reduction in drag. This means that the wing could change shape during flight operations to make them more efficient. The wing surface would be continuous as there would be no gaps in between flap and the surface would be smoother as there would be fewer rivets needed. This would result in a reduction of drag generated from the surface of the wing. A reduction in weight could be seen from the removal of the hydraulic system needed to move the control surfaces of the wing at present. There has also been investigation into using the shape memory alloy for use in just the leading and trailing edges as a replacement for the traditional metal flaps. The overall result of using shape memory alloys to replace traditional wings would be better fuel consumption as there would be a reduction of drag and weight. Discussion Conclusion I recommend that there should be a continued development of composites within the airline sector. This will lead to the manufacture of composites which are strong enough to be used on the main structural parts of the wings, and which could also be used on other components of the aircraft. The more widely use of composites would also lead to a reduction of weight of the aircraft, making them more fuel efficient and more environmentally friendly. This would also be an advantage for the airline company as there would be a reduction in the amount of fuel needed resulting in reduced running costs.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Social Media and Law Enforcement | Essay

Social Media and Law Enforcement | Essay Social media is becoming routine in everyday interactions, including being involved with crime. While there has been an increase in using it to start and partake in crime, there has also been an interest in using it to help combat and solve crimes. There are many ways social media can be used to aid the Police, one is by visiting the pages which the user has updated themselves to see if they have inadvertently disclosed information which could hold them accountable for certain crimes by either revealing a picture or information relevant to the crime which has been committed, or noticing a change in lifestyle as a result from the offense. These could be monitored by the Police or sent in as a tip from a source which could lead to the crime being solved quicker than without social media. Studies within America have the support of the Police force and would like to use social media more within investigations, however lack of education on the subject means time could be wasted by not understanding the information as well as finding it. There is also a fine line with using social media to find information relevant to the crime and using this irresponsibly and finding information through unethical means. The public have also been using social media to help solve their own crimes by drumming up interest and getting others involved and talking about the topics to build publicity to solve a crime. These could have been achieved through the loss of a person or pet or by attending an event where the organisers actively promoting social media use to keep the peace within an event. These have then stemmed into other websites being set up based around this to help solve crimes for the future. When the general public get hold of information regarding criminals, they have taken it upon themselves to publicise this within their community to warn other people of the dangers within the local area. This has had drastic effects, especially when promoting about individuals who have served their time for crimes in the past. There have been on-going debates over whether this information has been allowed to be disclosed and resulted in several court battles with pages from the internet being removed as the information is not theirs to disclose. Within the UK, large scale crimes have resulted in companies setting up various pages online and through social media to help solve crimes and promote safe environments. Due to this, there is already a large network of active users who can help promote these messages and support them in reducing crimes. These need to be modified and adapted within the constraints of the companies, which are largely cost based, in order for them to become sustainable for the future in solving crimes. Introduction In September 2012, Facebook reached 1 billion users worldwide (Fowler, 2012) with Twitter following in second place with over 500 million users (Herngaard, 2012). The audience, therefore, to potentially help prevent or to initiate crimes through social media is huge and constantly growing with more people joining these websites and others every day. Social media including Twitter and Facebook are a tool used by the masses for inciting disorderly behaviour. However, as much as social media is being used to start antisocial behaviour, it is also being used to try to combat these actions and be used in a more productive and constructive way. Information Present Through Social Media Since social media gained popularity, the public are more willing to disclose private information through these to friends or acquaintances. On Facebook, a study undertaken in 2005 disclosed that only 0.03% of profiles investigated showed no information of value which could be used to either identify individuals or to source information about individuals (Gross Acquisti, 2005). From this, social media users enable themselves to being visible to anyone who comes across their personal page. This is also the same for Twitter users whose profile is automatically public unless the privacy settings are configured. Therefore many people could be unknowingly uploading personal information about themselves which could be accessed by criminals, their employers or even the Police. Trotter (2012) mentions that social media is a means for communication, but it is increasingly a source of information for the police, which is true of particular cases. Certain criminals including Michael Baker from Kentucky, USA posted a picture of himself siphoning petrol from a Police car on Facebook which later led to his arrest over the crime (Siu, 2012). While this case is obvious to the police that the user has committed the crime, other more subtle ways have been used such as flaunting goodies which have been stolen or bought through crime. LexisNexis (2012) investigated over 12000 law enforcement professionals and showed that 69% questioned had use social media as part of crime investigation. The main reason this is not used more thoroughly is due to lack of training or lack of use within office hours or computers. If more law enforcement professionals were able to use social media within office time, this could help officers within investigations to speed up finding information on top of what has been readily provided, with 67% people questioned agreeing that it will solve investigations quicker. This would lead to more time during the working day to work on other investigations, and in turn solving more crimes than before. Current uses of Social Media by Police Keeping up with innovation, multiple local authorities within the UK, including the Metropolitan Police, are setting up Facebook pages to create awareness within the community. However, in such an early state of social media being used by the Police, many disclaimers indicate that this is not a method to report a crime but to promote public safety and campaigns within the area. This has increased the visibility of the police forces which may be useful if using social media in the future to help report and solve crime as there will already be a base of users readily connected to the service. The reason that these websites cannot be used to report crimes is due to the lack of Police man hours which could be spent monitoring these websites. Lothian and Borders Police in Scotland are one of the first forces in the country to actively allow Facebook users to report crimes online through their Made from Crime initiative, launched August 2011 (Cotton, 2011). The site was to catch criminals who are living beyond their means using the proceeds of crime by allowing anonymous tips through the Facebook page or Crimestoppers Website. Crimestoppers have also launched an application for use on smartphones called TipSumbit to help report crimes in USA through tips or videos directly to the Police (Urbaszewski, 2012). Both of these methods allow the user to remain anonymous which can be a certain appeal for witnesses. However, with both communications being relatively new to the field, there is limited monitoring by the Police so tips sent in may not be read and acted upon instantly, which could lead to the information becoming out of date. This could be counteracted by employing more employees within the police in UK, however, due t o government budget cuts; the police force has been declining for the last couple of years with over 24,000 police jobs being lost since the general elections (Burns-Murdoch, 2012). For an application or website such as these to work efficiently a significant amount of money would needed to be invested into it for it to have a chance to succeed. The current economic situation in this country is one of many reasons why this improvement in reporting crimes is occurring at a slow pace and has not taken off nationwide. Leveson Inquiry In 2012, the Leveson Inquiry was brought about after there were breaches in the privacy of both celebrities and the general public which warranted the investigation into the media and how it acted. It recommended a new independent body to moderate the press. Although this is regarding the current press, which is mainly newspapers, similar findings can be applied to social media as news is slowly moving into online media including social media so the recommendation from Leveson can be used for the data provided on social media websites. Leveson (2012) concludes that there have been too many times when, chasing the story, parts of the press have acted as if its own code, which it wrote, simply did not exist. This could be used to describe the Police using social media to support investigations it undertakes when looking for evidence online. The Police have not been trained to use it, nor is the data valid so using it would be a breach of ethics. The information, although has been proved useful in certain cases, if its not obvious, could lead to the Police jumping the bandwagon and following a suspect who may not be the person they are looking for or hold an individual responsible for a crime they did not commit if the information they have provided online was misinterpreted. As all data inputted through social media is self-edited, it may not be truthful, so should not be taken for granted. This is where using social media to help solve or understand crimes is unreliable due to the freedom people have with what they post and upload to these websites. Self Policing The general public has tried to use social media itself to self-promote crimes to help solve them. This has worked well through certain websites, mainly twitter, to drum up publicity for the crime to solve it. The majority of cases where this has worked are when a pet has been stolen, such as Charley, a 12 week old bulldog who was stolen and found through twitter due to friends and family tweeting about the puppy to drum up interest (BBC, 2012). Through the combined effort of conversation online and people talking about the missing dog offline, Charley was discovered. This may not have happened, or at least not as quickly, if the attention had not been brought to the front of the publics mind through twitter. Small firms, such as one in Erie, Pennsylvania, have created their own Facebook sites to publicise lost pets with their owners and have achieved a 50% success rate with users of the site (Van Rheenen, 2012). This could prove to be more effective than twitter as the focus of the website is on missing pets, however, visitors may not go onto the website if they have not lost a pet themselves. The rescue efforts would then be limited to active users of the website. Certain companies have also tried to rally consumers at large events to help report crimes as they occur during the affair. This occurred at Download Festival 2010 where the promoters encouraged festival goers to tweet through a monitored twitter stream any problems occurring at the festival. There was a 41% reduction in crime compared to the year before (BBC, 2010a). Due to decrease in crime at this large event, other festival organisers could use this as it seemed to have a beneficial effect on the customers by improving their safety. Controversial Facebook Pages As mentioned earlier, one major problem with the Police using social media to report or help solve crime is the lack of funding to use it as a reliable resource set up and monitored through the Police. This has led to groups of individuals creating Facebook groups to warn others of the problems within their local communities. The most publicised case of its kind was in Northern Ireland where Keeping our Kids safe from Predators was launched. At first it was used by parents to alert others about paedophiles in the local area which has been brought about more through Sarahs Law, which is a Child Sex Offender Disclosure Scheme which allows parents to ask the Police whether or not a person with access to their child is a sex offender (BBC, 2010b). This does not provide as much information as Megans Law in America which also provides parents with information such as addresses of paedophiles. The information provided through this should be given to the parents who ask for it and not passed on to others. Information obtained through this has been made public on Facebook pages which have led to convicted criminals being the centre of hatred from the wider community. One unnamed offender claimed the content found on the website was a breech to his right for privacy which led to degrading treatment through the site. This in turn led to actions against him in the real world which jeopardised his safety. This individual was convicted and charged for his crimes over 20 years ago and believed he had served his time; however the parents within the community did not and deemed him still to be a danger to society, which escalated into the abuse online. A judge ruled that the man was within his rights to a private life, regardless of past convictions and the page was shut down within 72 hours (Silverman, 2012), however follow up pages have been set up but not to the extent of the original one. The results from this case have produced an on-going discussion to whether or not parents should be allowed to publicise information they have obtained to protect local children. However, this case has confirmed that criminals have a right to privacy, no matter how long ago they were convicted. Nevertheless, from this, there could be a way for parents to be able to obtain the information, such as maps of areas (large enough not to be able to identify individuals from it) to show if they live in a high risk area of criminals. This could give parents peace of mind without having to obtain sensitive information from the Police. Though, the Police have limited resources so producing and maintaining a system such as this would be unfeasible at the moment. Funding could become available if there was an increased demand for this and if they could prove it would be worthwhile for the communities exposing the privacy of past criminals. The London Riots In Summer 2011, riots broke out across the country after starting in London. There was a large presence online with starting and organising riots, but also with helping to clean up after the riot. Crimestoppers, a crime fighting charity, reported a large increase in twitter followers during the riot which it used to promote ways to report crimes or posted pictures of crimes happening in the local areas to help the Police with their investigations (Hall, 2012). They regarded social media as a quick effective way to contact the public to give information about the rioters including where to avoid. Additionally, the Metropolitan Police also set up a Flickr site after the riots to try and catch criminals who were still at large (London Disorder Haringey, 2012). Although they do not promote this, it is still present on the internet for anyone to use and to come forward with any additional information they have. After the riots, Crimestoppers set up several online ways it can provide information to the public as well as receive tips about crimes through their website. A sizable network of followers on Twitter and their website means that if a large scale crime was to occur again, Crimestoppers would be well equipped to provide information to the public and would probably gain tips quicker and in greater numbers. Although Crimestoppers only allows crimes not of an urgent nature to be reported on their website, if the demand increased for reporting crimes online, more employees could be used to monitor the tips on the website which would be answered quicker. Recommendations From addressing the points within this report, it is clear that the general public needs to be educated with regards to social media. As it is a relatively new technology, the rules and regulations regarding this are being modified everyday when a new problem arises. A school in Somerset has started to address problems within social media by teaching students about it as part of the curriculum (Walker, 2012). This will assist new users of the dangers of writing information online and who is able to see it. This should be introduced nationwide as lessons such as this are invaluable for children as it can open their eyes to the dangers of what they post online. Using social media as a way of reporting crimes is a difficult issue to address. Due to the lack of funding within the Police which is constantly being cut by the government and charities such as Crimestoppers relying solely on money raised for the website to still operate, the chances of a network being set up and managed on a 24 hour basis may not happen within the next few years. However, using social media to monitor criminals and crime taking place would be a cheaper way to fight crime as no infrastructure would need to be set up as they would use the established social networks. Training would need to be undertaken by the officers who would be responsible for monitoring to avoid such blunders as shown by the Lothian and Borders Police in Scotland (Enoch, 2012) where Police Officers were seen befriending criminals. Strict budget cuts are forever present within the Police, so finding the money and time for officers training for social media may prove costly and ineffective in the long run. An alternative way could be to hire an external online research company as they would have greater knowledge on the subject. This could be cheaper than in house but as the Police need to be secure with all information obtained and used within investigations, this may not be a suitable solution. However, until the issue of cost is overcome within the Police, then the recommendations cannot become a reality.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Summary of Metamorphosis :: Gregor Samsa

Gregor Samsa awakes one morning to find that he has been inexplicably transformed into a giant insect. He has also slept late. His parents and his sister Grete try to rouse him so he can make it to his dreary job as a traveling salesman. The family depends on him for its livelihood. Gregor, however, is now a bug. When a clerk from his company comes to demand an explanation for his absence, Gregor makes a great effort to open the bedroom door and show himself. This sends the terrified clerk tearing down the stairwell and Gregor's family into shock. Grete, more than his father or mother, handles the situation practically. Gregor is fed, and his room is cleaned. Before long, however, economic reality requires all three to find work, and less attention is paid to Gregor--except when he gets out of his room. No one in the family is fully able to reconcile him- or herself to the insect Gregor, and Gregor is unable to express himself to his family. The fear and disgust his presence inspires (the irrational fear of the mammoth cockroach) is a detriment to his mother's health and incites his father to brief fits of violence. One such fit, a bombardment of fruit, deals Gregor a deep and crippling wound. Hobbled and neglected, Gregor begins to waste away in his room. The family takes in three carping lodgers, using Gregor's room to store excess furniture and other miscellanea--adding insult to injury. Yet the family does leave Gregor's door slightly open in the evenings, so that he may take part in the household in a small way. One evening, the lodgers hear Grete practicing her violin. They call her into the parlor for a concert. She obliges, and the music so moves Gregor that he creeps out into the parlor towards her, wanting to convey that he understands her gift and will help it to blossom. The lodgers see Gregor and immediately give notice. This is the breaking point for the family. Grete declares that they must abandon the notion that this hideous bug is their dear Gregor. All sadly agree. Gregor slinks back into his room. He dies that night. A great weight has been lifted from the family. After a moment of mourning, the father demands that the lodgers leave immediately. The family takes a trolley out of the city and into the countryside. It is a beautiful, sunny day, and as Grete stretches out her limbs in the trolley car, her parents' thoughts turn to finding her a husband.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Breaking Up Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

It should have been raining. It almost always rains in the movies when girls get their hearts broken. When that young man with a bittersweet smile and â€Å"I’m sorry† eyes shows up on the doorstep; telling his sweetheart that he is going off to war or beginning a battle with a fatal disease. Instead here I am: the blundering heroine of my own crazy film, with a script that seems to have a few gaping holes where all the witty lines are supposed to be. In the hot, sticky passenger seat of a black ’02 Grand Am, subconsciously capping and uncapping an Ice Mountain water bottle, listening to my boyfriend jumble up a bunch of words that eventually translate into: it’s over. C’est fini. He stops talking and takes a deep, shuddering breath and I realize that it’s my cue to talk. He’s waiting for me to say something along the lines of: â€Å"Sure Matt, I totally agree with you. I think it’s a great idea to end this relationship that I have put my whole being into for two years. I’m so relieved that you brought it up first, seeya around and good luck with all your future chicks.† I look out the...

Saturday, August 17, 2019

What is the good life?

The article I have selected to summarize for this assignment is titled as ‘The Secret to Happiness’ by David Myers . This article discusses about the beauty and secret to a happy good life. It discusses the goodness of life from different aspects. It suggests that people from different genre ought to think differently about the curve of life and its happiness. According to a survey materialism brings much content and happiness in an individual’s life and a greater amount of people wish they were rich, which proves that money brings happiness to most. Thus suggesting that the source of good life recedes before an individual as he wishes to pursue. The article by David Myers speaks about the twentieth century with reference to people, their lives, and what made them a happier individual: the more rich a person is the more content he is in his life compared to the person who is poor and cannot fulfill his needs. Moreover, a survey was done with different classes of people which included the rich and poor, the young and the old, the children and adults and all were asked to tell their happiest period of life that they would never forget. More than 75% of the answers were materialistic happiness that is they were the most happy when they bought a new car, or a new home, when they found a new job. These were few answers that bought them life lasting satisfaction. Furthermore, writer uses a term known as buyer’s remorse used to describe the let down which occurred purchasing something that doesn’t provide satisfaction was expected off. Therefore, the secret to happiness for long lasting satisfaction is materialism. Though, many may not agree to the fact but it is true that materialism has held its importance in our life that much that it has become a secret of happiness. My Evaluation: What is a good life? A mother says that a good life is to see her children prosper; a father says that a good life is when he’d be able to be the strong man who could support his family; a student would say that a good life is to attain and be a top graded student; a beggar would say that it would be when he’d be able to get bread for his living; a prisoner would say that a good life is when he’ll be a freeman and when a lover is asked the same question as to what is a good life, he would say that a good life is to just have a glimpse of his love of life. Therefore a good life may be different to different people but all we need to do is to be practical and study carefully the options that we are given and choosing the best option among them. A good life is one that is spent in a high pursuit; a life where the energy of love is given most importance than any energy of matter. Thus, to spit away the hatred through the entrance of forgiveness, revealed through love would transform life into a life that is called a good life. A good life can never be spent around until the scent of love and charm may not be imbued in all, with all the strength and passion. We can harness the energy of the winds, the seas, and the sun. But the day a man learns the energy of love, that will be as important as the discovery of fire; and then one will realize what is meant by a good life. A good life is a life of a soldier. The pride and the passion with which a soldier walks with the soul content can’t actually be put to words. The soldier-walks upright and passes his nights waking only because the other million people there are sleeping only because that one soldier wakes and in the war zone hugs all the bullets as his medals. He is happy with all what life has given to him. His firm belief is that the truth or secret of happiness is serving his nation, defending its honor, safeguarding people and sacrificing his life for what he holds most dear to his heart which is his motherland. Thus, he lives and dies as a person with good life. But there also live people who have everything they have in life, everything they want, the women they love, the children, the career, the kind of freedom that is the envy of all friends, the travel, the honors, the pleasure and the praise. But then even their lives are missing something. These are the people who turn into the true hunters of a good life. They are always in search of what the true meaning of happiness is and this pursuit takes up most of their lives. The constant hunger or the dissatisfaction, despite of having everything they require, in them doesn’t let them rest and forces them to go beyond the normal realms to find the thing that will provide them with contentment, satisfaction and happiness. Thus a good life is the beginning of learning about the three most important things in life. First, as soon as people decide to confront a problem, they realize that they are far more capable then they thought they were. Second, all energy and all the knowledge came from the same unknown source that we usually call the God. All one has to do is to believe in the paths, to honor what one wishes to do and to honor that energy. To connect up with it every day, to allow oneself to be guided by the signs and to learn by doing and not by thinking about doing is what is important for the person. And third may lie on the observation that a good life is considered to be worse due to the sufferings we face. One should always remember that no one is alone in their troubles; there is always someone else thinking, rejoicing or suffering in the same way and that gives us strength to confront the challenge before us, to fight by moving the heavens and the earth to make a good life. A good life is always confronted by sufferings but in order to turn out those sufferings one must learn that if there is suffering then its best to accept it, because it won’t go away just because you pretend it’s not there. If there is joy then it is best to accept it too, even though you are afraid it might end one day. Some people can only relate life through sacrifice and renunciation. Some people can only feel part of humanity when they think they are happy and leading a good life. But a good life is good when a person is self satisfied. Nothing in the world can replace this one factor which is the only key to a better life. A good life may further be best analyzed by this Mongolian myth in which there are two characters. A doe and a wild dog that come together, two beings are very different natures: in the wild, the dog would normally kill the deer for food. In the Mongolian myth they both understand that they each need the qualities of the other if they are to survive in a hostile world and that they should, therefore join forces. To do this they must first learn to love. And in order to love they must cease to be who they are, otherwise they will never be able to live together. With the passing of time, the wild dog comes to accept that his instinct, always focused on the struggle to survive, now serves a grater purpose; finding someone who he can rebuild the world, who he can pass his life which is termed as not life itself as alone but rather a good life. Thus in all accordance life is what we choose to be, whether alone or with people we love, happy or unhappy, satisfied or unsatisfied. The key to it is to decide what we actually want and with that self actualization comes the true essence and meaning of happiness.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

In the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, one of the main characters that is presented to the readers is Bernard Marx. What this character’s name brings to the mind of the reader, and surely the intention too of the author, is the historical figure Karl Marx who wrote the book Communist Manifesto. In the book, Bernard Marx is described as a hypnotic specialist at the Hatchery and Conditioning Centre in the modern world. He belongs to the Alpha caste though his physical features do not fit him to be in this caste.Those who are Alphas are known to be tall but Bernard is rather short. Furthermore, he acts as an outcast amongst his social group. As Alphas are expected to be sporty in their manner and orientation, he does not participate in this leisure activity. This is the reason why he is seen as odd by the people around him (Huxley 38). As the novel progresses, the reader sees Bernard Marx as a loner and unhappy. The social group that he moves around with sees him as a reb el and a non-conformist. He questions the system of the World State and wants to fight for his individuality.In some ways, he is seen as someone who always wants to go against the system. He can be termed as a protestor to put it in another way. But this thing changes when one time he goes to the Reservation (Huxley 45) where he meets John who is considered a savage by the World State. When he brings the latter to London, he instantly gains a popularity he never experienced before. He becomes outgoing and happy to participate in the activities in the World State. This participative attitude of Bernard Marx in the new society will only changed when John refuses to be part of his agenda.The reader sees again that Marx returns to his old, protestor way. The World Controller sees that he has not changed and in the end he is thrown out of the World State to be deported to Iceland (Huxley 98). What can we see then in the character of Bernard Marx? We can conclude then that the protest att itude of him is not borne out of intellectual or of moral form in origin. The best term that we can see to it is that his act of his being a non-conformist among his social group originates from a personal and social one.I make this conclusion to the nature of his character since his being alone surely must have stemmed from his being short as an Alpha. As mentioned above, Alphas are designed to be tall but Marx is not. His manifestation of being a protestor comes from his anger of being not accepted fully by his peers, of being different from them. So in effect he sees no point of participating in all the activities that are expected of his caste. When an opportunity is presented to him that he can be accepted and even become popular, his attitude towards the World State suddenly changed.â€Å"Success went fizzily to Bernard's head, and in the process completely reconciled him †¦ to a world which, up till then, he had found very unsatisfactoryâ€Å" (Huxley 66). This opportu nity is when he brings John to London and quickly gains popularity (Huxley 66). Still, Marx goes back to his old ways when the chance to become popular slips to his hands upon John’s rejections of his agenda. In the end, he is deported to Iceland against his protests. The moral of the character of Marx then is that he is a hypocrite in his being a non-conformists and critic of the ways of the World State.His criticism of the system in the society that he lives in stems from the rejection he gets from his being physically different from his social group. We can thus sum up that the flaws that he sees in the World System are not genuine. The order of the World State will be a defect as far as Marx is concerned up until he is not accepted as part of his social group. When this has changed it is only then that he can truly feel a part of the new society. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperCollins Publisher Inc. ,1998 Brave New World by Aldous Huxley The Brave New World, written by Aldous Huxley, is an extemporary novel that deals with moral problems like the problem of how to achieve happiness in the best possible way. The novel includes the poignant role of the government in achieving this goal and the drawbacks it can create in a society. This paper will thoroughly discuss both side of the moral problem and how it affected the society as a whole. More often than not, a novel is a little interpretation and portrayal of an author’s life, experiences and knowledge. It would be hard not to incorporate his/her own opinions and thoughts inside his/her work.An author can go as far as draw sound arguments to defend his/her point, and all this can be easily done by describing his/her characters, the setting, plot, and so on. Aldous Huxley started writing the Brave New world in 193, and by that time, technological innovations as well as world-changing events were taking place, and society was at its total make over. From its prim itive way of life, the world was developing and advancing to a new and completely modern era. The event as a whole didn’t escaped the attention of Huxley, and all of this, no doubt, affected him, and resulted in one of the most powerful, thought provoking novels.His visualization of the world in the near future, maybe decades or centuries from the time he wrote his work, gave deep insight of the unfavorable would-be lifestyle of the world, which may not be so far from today’s way of life. It is Huxley’s ability to portray the future that uses his current observations that made his novel a classic, affecting not only the people of his time, but also the latter societies. Inside the book, Huxley introduced a moral problem. He presented a society that was under the total power of a manipulative government.Due to advanced scientific techniques, people live in constant happiness. Here Huxley wanted his readers to see an important question, should the state of happine ss be the prime goal of mankind, or should free will, at the expense of contentment, be the key. The Brave New World’s government chose the former, to keep its people happy while ensuring stability. It was the director in the novel who explained the mechanics of the World State. He explained that tremendous amount of conditioning is necessary to unfold the secret of happiness, and that you must like what you are doing.Making people like both their pursuit and the way of life the government wants them to do is the goal of all the conditioning. One of the defining moments of the novel was when the lead character, John, entered the story. The other side of the argument was brought into account. John, who came from a very different society, sees the World State in a very different way. Because he had grown up in a society where the government doesn’t have total control over its citizen, he sees how the citizens were denied of the truth of literature, history, emotion, and most of all, humanity.It was when he met the world leader, Mustapha Mond, that he was able to adamantly point his observations. But even though he understood John’s view, the leader refused to listen and continued to argue that it must be done in order to achieve happiness and stability. These aspects are much more important compared to humanity, the leader continued. He insists that social stability requires the sacrifice of the things John values. As long as people are happy everything will be fine. John protests that, without these things, human life is not worth living, even with happiness.Mond explains that the government’s plan is foolproof, with the help of soma, a drug that offers a way to deal with unpleasant emotions that lead to inefficiency and conflict, and keep people from trying to change the way they live. As everyone knows, utopias strive to work as perfection; therefore it is completely necessary for these societies to have moral values. The society i n Brave New World lacks values like promiscuity, over-population, use of drugs, and elimination of religion and family, creating a Dystopia. During the entire novel, Huxley makes evident that these values are missing in the society.As a peculiar characteristic the World State eliminates the word family. This word doesn’t exist for the people anymore, meaning that there are no parents or siblings; a person is created in an assembly line in mass production, creating 96 persons in one blow (Huxley, 6). This civilized society lives in a world where science and technology play an important role. Religion is replaced with God does not exist anymore (Huxley, 230). Instead of attending church on Sundays, people attend to services where morals are not learned at all. They just get accustomed to having sexual intercourse or taking soma.The government not only controls how one thinks, but it also controls one’s physical usefulness to his society. By genetically engineering oneâ⠂¬â„¢s body, the government can make it infinitely useful to itself. To make that one body feel no pain, to make the soul feel like it belongs to the society, and to make the mind open to any ideas is a vital asset for this government. The people are not always worried about death and can always relax in this utopian society since other people pleasure them, and with a society of happy people, the government never fears a revolt.One aspect of control that is touched upon from the beginning of the novel until the end is the control of the population birth and growth. As a way to maintain the society’s motto of Community, Identity and Stability, the number of inhabitants is managed through the artificiality of the brave new world’s use of technology. In the first chapter of the novel, the reader is introduced to the process of creating humans in this Utopia. The fact that machines do what is done by human reproductive systems shows how science has dominated over man in t his world.The actual process of creating humans is made possible through the use of a single ovary, which makes thousands of identical people. Since these people are similar in appearance, thought and relations, they are able to live in perfect harmony with each other. Huxley uses Lenina and Fanny, two of his female characters who are distant relatives from the same ovary, as people who get along well and are on the same page on issues concerning Utopian lifestyles. This is how the government of Utopia, made up of only ten controllers, is able to maintain stability among its people.Since stability is part of the brave new world’s motto, it is a crucial deal for the government to uphold. Something else that is controlled by government and science is any thing to do with marriage, romance and pregnancy. It is a rule by the government for everyone to freely have sex with anybody at anytime they want. It is against the rules of the Utopia to date anyone regularly. Government forb ids anyone to go towards thoughts of monogamy and romance because they require too much time and bring no stability to life.Science controls the aspect of pregnancy in the way that females have to wear contraceptive belts while having endless sex to avoid any pregnancy. Pregnancy is controlled because it brings pain and goal of the brave new world is to have happiness. Government and science restrain Utopia’s citizens from what is part of being human. In Brave New World, there are no feelings and emotions whatsoever because they are refused by the dominating authority which gives out the soma that allows people to do whatever they please without being guilty about it.But they live their lives with ignorance. Lastly, literature is another characteristic that makes this society a dystopia. It is completely banned for anyone to read because it brings ideas to people, creating individual. They are more focused in a society that consumes and every time is buying new things. Even M ustapha Mond, one of the new worlds' seven controllers, admits that the world they inhabit is far from perfect. Mond says to John those who have the ability to write the laws also have the ability to break them (Huxley, 248).Even the seven controllers of the World State break the rules by reading books. It is evident that even though they want to create a new world where the past is completely forgotten, they still want to read and learn. The truth is that by knowing about the past societies learn to not make the same mistakes again. Much of Huxley’s vision is already reality today. We are already seeing the development of the fundamental principles evident in the novel with things like cloning, government control, drugs to make us happier, and being a consumer based society.Now, when a scientific breakthrough is discovered, people will refer to us coming closer to the brave new world. We are more conscious of changes that technology brings upon us and try to recognize its po tential threats. This is the reason why there are always opposing groups of certain advancements, trying to see not only the pros but also the cons of new technology. Huxley therefore hasn’t so much aided in the creation of new technologies, instead he has made us guarded or worried about these advancements.The book helped the population see a future, which may not be so appealing, compared to many other futuristic novels, which portrayed a much happier lifestyle. Huxley’s upbringing, along with the world events going on around him, was contributory in some ways to the writing of Brave New World. More significantly however, are the effects the book has had on modern society. Not so much, that people have consciously taken ideas from the book and tried to implement them, more that the ideology has served as a gauge against which we judge the advents of technology.In conclusion, science has become a major part of this modern life. In Brave New World, Huxley predicts a wo rld dominated by government and science and how the two aspects influence humanity. Although I lack the understanding of a society of this New State, I can picture out what might happen to the world if the government makes this drastic operation. I can see a world deprived of passion and love. Everything movement is mechanical. Every reaction will create confusion. I can see them asking themselves, how will I react when I accidentally do something wrong? How will I love someone?The questions somewhat made me laugh, but at the same time made me sad. The prospect of having the same fate as anyone else frightens me. It’s as if we’ll all be buried inside the same caskets. I don’t like the idea at all. And by creating people massively, it automatically eliminates individuality. Parents are not necessary to raise a person, but they are actually wrong. Education starts at home, something very true in the real world. So if there isn’t any home or family, how can a person be raised to be a well-mannered adult? Reference Huxley, A. (1975). Brave New World. Markham, Ontario

Friday, August 16, 2019

Dynamic Earth Essay

Has the Earth been static since the beginning of time? Well, Earth hasn’t been moving vigorously but it is changing at a steady rate. New geological features, rock formations, and locations of plates all rise and demolish some in a lifetime and others over a span of millions of years. Earth is dynamic; it constantly progresses and doesn’t rest. Through the churns and molds, the twists and turns, Earth is active because of plate tectonics and the rock cycle. The ideas and theories that make up plate tectonics have shown Earth’s dynamism. The position of plates on global maps didn’t always look similar to the maps shown today. 250 million years ago, there existed a super continent, Pangea, which contained all land masses on Earth. Before plate tectonics, people thought the plates were always in the same position; no one could explain how such a large mass could move. It split up some 200 million years ago but scientists recently accepted this idea of moving plates; continental drift. Even more recent was the idea of sea-floor spreading, the explanation for continental drift. These ideas merged to create what is now known as plate tectonics. In fact, it is more than likely that Earth will resemble Pangea in the future. The ideas that were brought up could easily have been within a person’s lifetime. Volcanoes and earthquakes are also common because of plate tectonics. There are about 500,000 earthquakes and hundreds of minor volcanic eruptions each year caused by the frequent interaction between plates. Plate tectonics are a major piece of evidence for the changing planet. The transformations that occur through the rock cycle have also shown Earth’s dynamism. The rock cycle describes the dynamic transitions that the three main types of rock undergo without any definitive order. A metamorphic rock will not always stay a metamorphic rock; it can turn into a sedimentary rock through weathering and erosion then compaction and cementation or an igneous rock through melting and cooling of magma. For example, the Andes Mountains were formed by the transformations of metamorphic and sedimentary rock. It began to take its present form about 80 to 100 million years ago. Even though the process for change is prolonged, it takes place nonetheless. The rocks we see today may be different millions of years into the future. Basically, nothing is ever set in stone or rather, rock. In conclusion, Earth’s dynamism is shown through plate tectonics and the rock cycle. It is constantly changing despite the slow rate. The features that are visible today won’t be there forever. Volcanoes that were once active will cease to erupt and continents that were once separated by water will be glued together. Beautiful rock formations will be torn down by the violent planet that is Earth. Due to the changing Earth, our understanding changes with it. Scientists constantly come up with new information to prove an idea or counter a theory. The winds of change are coming, can you feel it?